-- 06 -- Assumptions, Main Ideas



-- 05-- Interences, Assumptions, Main Ideas

TFY -- Chapter Five Assumptions

This chapter concerns another familiar word, assumptions, demonstrating some surprising complexities in the term. Multiple exercises will show you how assumptions relate to facts and inferences, how they affect thinking, how they affect arguments, and how they might be unraveled and clarified. A writing application involves an expository essay on assumption recognition and its role in creative problem solving. A reading selection by Edward de Bono demonstrates the role of assumptions in creative thinking. A second selection by David Low shows us how assumptions affect family relationships.

Glossary
Chapter 5
accommodationAccommodation is achieved when we can do the thinking needed to create a new schema or modify an old schema in order to explain a new experience.
argumentThere are the two parts of an argument. The conclusion, or main summary idea and the reasons given to support that idea.
assimilationAssimilation is achieved when we can integrate new experiences into existing schemas.
assumptionAssumption is an idea whose truth can be taken for granted.
assumption layersAssumption layers can appear beneath simple assertions. Such layers consist of multiple hidden and unexamined assumptions influenced in turn by one or more value assumptions beneath the whole.
counter claimCounter claim is a response to a claim with a defense or with another claim.
disequilibriumThe confusion and discomfort felt when a new experience cannot be integrated into existing schemas.
equilibriumA stable inner feeling of well being that we feel when our thinking enables us to modify or create a new schema that better explains our world.
hidden assumptionA hidden assumption is an unclear and unstated idea assumed to be true that is integral to a line of reasoning. In an argument, it is a hidden premise that cannot be examined for truth and validity. Blind acceptance of a hidden premise can lead to the acceptance of a false or invalid conclusion.
inferTo use imagination and reasoning to fill in missing facts. To connect the dots.
lateral thinkingLateral thinking solves problems by reviewing options, overcoming assumptions, and inventing new solutions. Vertical thinking follows more conventional step-by-step logic.
schemaSchemas are the mental files in which we store our explanations of experiences.
thesisA thesis is a short summary statement of an idea that an essay intends to prove. It is also called the thesis statement and controlling idea.
thinkingPurposeful mental activity such as reasoning, deciding, judging, believing, supposing, expecting, intending, recalling, remembering, visualizing, imagining, devising, inventing, concentrating, conceiving, considering.
value or belief assumptionValue assumption is a belief that we take for granted, one that rarely questioned or even articulated. Remaining hidden and unexpressed, a value assumption can nevertheless shape a chain of reasoning.
working assumptionA working assumption is a trial idea, theory, strategy, or hypothesis assumed to be true in order to further an investigation. It is a conscious assumption.

Assumptions Video

Is of Identity Test

https://ctmatters.blogspot.com/2021/09/assumptions-in-critical-thinking-videos.html

Web Links 


Inference / Assumptions -- CT Org    

DEFINITION OF ASSUMPTION
This entry at wordreference.com explains the many meanings of the word assumption.
http://www.wordreference.com/definition/assumption

HYPOTHESIS DEFINED - American Heritage Dictionary
Compare the definitions of the word hypothesis given at the Merriam-Webster and American Heritage dictionaries.
http://www.bartleby.com/61/3/H0370300.html

JEAN PIAGET
This site is available for learning more about Jean Piaget and his theories on cognitive development.
http://www.ship.edu/~cgboeree/piaget.html

THESIS
"How to Write a Thesis Statement." A useful discussion prepared at Indiana University.
http://www.indiana.edu/~wts/pamphlets/thesis_statement.shtml

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